Warning: The magic method Vc_Manager::__wakeup() must have public visibility in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/js_composer_old/include/classes/core/class-vc-manager.php on line 203

Deprecated: wpb_resize(): Optional parameter $attach_id declared before required parameter $height is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/js_composer_old/include/helpers/helpers.php on line 366

Deprecated: wpb_resize(): Optional parameter $img_url declared before required parameter $height is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/js_composer_old/include/helpers/helpers.php on line 366

Deprecated: tribe_singleton(): Implicitly marking parameter $after_build_methods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/Tribe/Container.php on line 86

Deprecated: tribe_register(): Implicitly marking parameter $after_build_methods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/Tribe/Container.php on line 150

Deprecated: TEC\Common\lucatume\DI52\Container::singleton(): Implicitly marking parameter $afterBuildMethods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/lucatume/di52/src/Container.php on line 145

Deprecated: TEC\Common\lucatume\DI52\Container::bind(): Implicitly marking parameter $afterBuildMethods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/lucatume/di52/src/Container.php on line 486

Deprecated: TEC\Common\lucatume\DI52\Container::singletonDecorators(): Implicitly marking parameter $afterBuildMethods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/lucatume/di52/src/Container.php on line 532

Deprecated: TEC\Common\lucatume\DI52\Container::getDecoratorBuilder(): Implicitly marking parameter $afterBuildMethods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/lucatume/di52/src/Container.php on line 551

Deprecated: TEC\Common\lucatume\DI52\Container::bindDecorators(): Implicitly marking parameter $afterBuildMethods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/lucatume/di52/src/Container.php on line 585

Deprecated: TEC\Common\lucatume\DI52\Container::instance(): Implicitly marking parameter $afterBuildMethods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/lucatume/di52/src/Container.php on line 742

Deprecated: TEC\Common\lucatume\DI52\Builders\Resolver::resolveWithArgs(): Implicitly marking parameter $afterBuildMethods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/lucatume/di52/src/Builders/Resolver.php on line 158

Deprecated: TEC\Common\lucatume\DI52\Builders\Resolver::resolve(): Implicitly marking parameter $buildLine as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/lucatume/di52/src/Builders/Resolver.php on line 183

Deprecated: TEC\Common\lucatume\DI52\Builders\Resolver::cloneBuilder(): Implicitly marking parameter $afterBuildMethods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/lucatume/di52/src/Builders/Resolver.php on line 248

Deprecated: TEC\Common\lucatume\DI52\Builders\Factory::getBuilder(): Implicitly marking parameter $afterBuildMethods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/lucatume/di52/src/Builders/Factory.php on line 56

Deprecated: TEC\Common\lucatume\DI52\Builders\ClassBuilder::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $afterBuildMethods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/lucatume/di52/src/Builders/ClassBuilder.php on line 74

Deprecated: TEC\Common\lucatume\DI52\Builders\ClassBuilder::reinit(): Implicitly marking parameter $afterBuildMethods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/lucatume/di52/src/Builders/ClassBuilder.php on line 210

Deprecated: TEC\Common\lucatume\DI52\Builders\ReinitializableBuilderInterface::reinit(): Implicitly marking parameter $afterBuildMethods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/lucatume/di52/src/Builders/ReinitializableBuilderInterface.php on line 25

Deprecated: Tribe__Meta__Chunker::set_post_types(): Implicitly marking parameter $post_types as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/Tribe/Meta/Chunker.php on line 901

Deprecated: TEC\Common\lucatume\DI52\Builders\CallableBuilder::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $afterBuildMethods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/lucatume/di52/src/Builders/CallableBuilder.php on line 50

Deprecated: TEC\Common\lucatume\DI52\Builders\CallableBuilder::reinit(): Implicitly marking parameter $afterBuildMethods as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/lucatume/di52/src/Builders/CallableBuilder.php on line 78

Deprecated: Tribe__Duplicate__Post::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $factory as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/Tribe/Duplicate/Post.php on line 80

Deprecated: TEC\Common\StellarWP\DB\DB::generate_results(): Implicitly marking parameter $query as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/stellarwp/db/src/DB/DB.php on line 409

Deprecated: TEC\Common\StellarWP\DB\DB::generate_col(): Implicitly marking parameter $query as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/stellarwp/db/src/DB/DB.php on line 426

Deprecated: Tribe__Events__Featured_Events::is_featured_query(): Implicitly marking parameter $query as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Featured_Events.php on line 63

Deprecated: Tribe__Process__Queue::handle(): Implicitly marking parameter $data_source as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/Tribe/Process/Queue.php on line 841

Deprecated: Tribe__Process__Queue::sync_handle(): Implicitly marking parameter $data_source as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/Tribe/Process/Queue.php on line 1125

Deprecated: Tribe__Process__Handler::sync_handle(): Implicitly marking parameter $data_source as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/Tribe/Process/Handler.php on line 260

Deprecated: Tribe__Process__Handler::handle(): Implicitly marking parameter $data_source as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/Tribe/Process/Handler.php on line 360

Deprecated: TEC\Common\StellarWP\Assets\Asset::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $version as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/stellarwp/assets/src/Assets/Asset.php on line 306

Deprecated: TEC\Common\StellarWP\Assets\Asset::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $root_path as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/stellarwp/assets/src/Assets/Asset.php on line 306

Deprecated: TEC\Common\StellarWP\Assets\Asset::add(): Implicitly marking parameter $version as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/stellarwp/assets/src/Assets/Asset.php on line 348

Deprecated: TEC\Common\StellarWP\Assets\Assets::asset(): Implicitly marking parameter $version as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/stellarwp/assets/src/Assets/Assets.php on line 103

Deprecated: TEC\Common\StellarWP\Assets\Assets::asset(): Implicitly marking parameter $plugin_path as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/vendor/vendor-prefixed/stellarwp/assets/src/Assets/Assets.php on line 103

Deprecated: Tribe__Events__REST__V1__Post_Repository::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $messages as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/REST/V1/Post_Repository.php on line 18

Deprecated: Tribe__Events__Linked_Posts::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $cache as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Linked_Posts.php on line 50

Deprecated: Tribe__Events__Event_Cleaner::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $scheduler as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Event_Cleaner.php on line 32

Deprecated: Tribe__Events__Service_Providers__ORM::maybe_remove_date_meta_queries(): Implicitly marking parameter $query as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Service_Providers/ORM.php on line 53

Deprecated: Tribe__Repository::hash(): Implicitly marking parameter $query as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/Tribe/Repository.php on line 3303

Deprecated: Tribe__Repository::get_hash_data(): Implicitly marking parameter $query as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/Tribe/Repository.php on line 3310

Deprecated: Tribe__Repository::set_request_context(): Implicitly marking parameter $context as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/Tribe/Repository.php on line 3974

Deprecated: Tribe__Repository__Interface::hash(): Implicitly marking parameter $query as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/Tribe/Repository/Interface.php on line 215

Deprecated: Tribe__Repository__Interface::get_hash_data(): Implicitly marking parameter $query as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/Tribe/Repository/Interface.php on line 229

Deprecated: Tribe__Repository__Interface::set_request_context(): Implicitly marking parameter $context as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/Tribe/Repository/Interface.php on line 338

Deprecated: Tribe__Rewrite::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $translations_loader as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/Tribe/Rewrite.php on line 127

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\Query\Event_Query_Controller::inject_posts(): Implicitly marking parameter $query as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/Query/Event_Query_Controller.php on line 53

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\iCalendar_Handler::filter_template_vars(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/iCalendar_Handler.php on line 149

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\iCalendar_Handler::get_subscribe_links(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/iCalendar_Handler.php on line 165

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\Links\Google_Calendar::get_uri(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/Links/Google_Calendar.php on line 72

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\Links\Link_Abstract::get_label(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/Links/Link_Abstract.php on line 202

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\Links\Link_Abstract::filter_get_label(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/Links/Link_Abstract.php on line 225

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\Links\Link_Abstract::get_single_label(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/Links/Link_Abstract.php on line 245

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\Links\Link_Abstract::filter_get_single_label(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/Links/Link_Abstract.php on line 268

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\Links\Link_Abstract::get_uri(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/Links/Link_Abstract.php on line 306

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\Links\Link_Abstract::get_canonical_ics_feed_url(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/Links/Link_Abstract.php on line 358

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\Links\Link_Interface::get_label(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/Links/Link_Interface.php on line 77

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\Links\Link_Interface::get_single_label(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/Links/Link_Interface.php on line 88

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\Links\Link_Interface::get_uri(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/Links/Link_Interface.php on line 99

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\Traits\Outlook_Methods::generate_outlook_subscribe_url(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/Traits/Outlook_Methods.php on line 177

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\Traits\Outlook_Methods::get_uri(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/Traits/Outlook_Methods.php on line 234

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\Links\iCalendar_Export::get_uri(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/Links/iCalendar_Export.php on line 66

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\iCalendar\Links\Outlook_Export::get_uri(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/iCalendar/Links/Outlook_Export.php on line 67

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\Hooks::filter_posts_pre_query(): Implicitly marking parameter $query as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/Hooks.php on line 420

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\Template\Title::set_context(): Implicitly marking parameter $context as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/Template/Title.php on line 321

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\Template\Title::set_posts(): Implicitly marking parameter $posts as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/Template/Title.php on line 339

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\View::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $messages as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/View.php on line 273

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\View::make(): Implicitly marking parameter $context as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/View.php on line 438

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\View::set_context(): Implicitly marking parameter $context as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/View.php on line 822

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\View::set_repository(): Implicitly marking parameter $repository as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/View.php on line 1164

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\View::set_url(): Implicitly marking parameter $args as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/View.php on line 1231

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\View::map_args_to_query_args(): Implicitly marking parameter $args as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/View.php on line 1262

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\View::setup_repository_args(): Implicitly marking parameter $context as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/View.php on line 1339

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\View::filter_repository_args(): Implicitly marking parameter $context as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/View.php on line 1858

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\View_Interface::set_context(): Implicitly marking parameter $context as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/View_Interface.php on line 93

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\View_Interface::set_url(): Implicitly marking parameter $args as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/View_Interface.php on line 193

Deprecated: Tribe\Events\Views\V2\Interfaces\Repository_User_Interface::set_repository(): Implicitly marking parameter $repository as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Views/V2/Interfaces/Repository_User_Interface.php on line 29

Deprecated: TEC\Events\Custom_Tables\V1\WP_Query\Monitors\Query_Monitor::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $container as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Events/Custom_Tables/V1/WP_Query/Monitors/Query_Monitor.php on line 82

Deprecated: TEC\Events\Custom_Tables\V1\WP_Query\Monitors\Query_Monitor::attach(): Implicitly marking parameter $query as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Events/Custom_Tables/V1/WP_Query/Monitors/Query_Monitor.php on line 138

Deprecated: TEC\Events\Custom_Tables\V1\Traits\With_WP_Query_Introspection::is_query_for_post_type(): Implicitly marking parameter $query as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Events/Custom_Tables/V1/Traits/With_WP_Query_Introspection.php on line 78

Deprecated: TEC\Events\Custom_Tables\V1\Updates\Controller::commit_post_updates(): Implicitly marking parameter $request as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Events/Custom_Tables/V1/Updates/Controller.php on line 114

Deprecated: TEC\Events\Custom_Tables\V1\Updates\Controller::delete_custom_tables_data(): Implicitly marking parameter $request as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Events/Custom_Tables/V1/Updates/Controller.php on line 315

Deprecated: TEC\Events\Custom_Tables\V1\Views\V2\Provider::prepare_by_day_view_day_results(): Implicitly marking parameter $day_results as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Events/Custom_Tables/V1/Views/V2/Provider.php on line 61

Deprecated: TEC\Events\Category_Colors\Repositories\Category_Color_Dropdown_Provider::should_display_on_view(): Implicitly marking parameter $view as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Events/Category_Colors/Repositories/Category_Color_Dropdown_Provider.php on line 59

Deprecated: tribe_get_template_part(): Implicitly marking parameter $data as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/functions/template-tags/general.php on line 216

Deprecated: Tribe__Events__Aggregator__Record__Queue_Realtime::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $queue as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Aggregator/Record/Queue_Realtime.php on line 31

Deprecated: Tribe__Events__Aggregator__Record__Queue_Realtime::__construct(): Implicitly marking parameter $ajax_operations as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /var/www/hecosphere.com/hecosphere.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/Tribe/Aggregator/Record/Queue_Realtime.php on line 31

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Améliorer l’enseignement de l’économie, un enjeu démocratique – Hécosphère
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Améliorer l’enseignement de l’économie, un enjeu démocratique

Article du 25 mai 2018 pour Les Echos

LE CERCLE/POINT DE VUE – Les Français n’ont pas les bases pour comprendre l’économie. Les familiariser est un exercice indispensable pour la santé de notre démocratie.

Par Olivier Babeau (président de l’Institut Sapiens, chroniqueur aux « Echos »), Pierre Robert (professeur agrégé de sciences économiques et sociales)

Les Français sont nuls en économie. Un constat qui pose évidemment d’abord un grave problème économique, puisque tant de décisions des acteurs, publics comme privés, sont liées à une compréhension des mécanismes en jeu. Edmund Phelps, prix Nobel en 2006, a calculé que ces lacunes faisaient perdre à la France un point de croissance chaque année.

Il est aussi possible de voir dans cette ignorance une cause de la préoccupante montée de propositions politiques extrêmes qui ont pour point commun de piétiner la raison et de bloquer les réformes. Familiariser enfin les Français avec l’économie s’impose dès lors comme un exercice indispensable pour la santé de notre démocratie.

Ignorance préoccupante

Un  avait montré en 2017 que deux tiers des Français n’avaient aucune idée de l’ordre de grandeur du PIB ou de la dette publique. Pire encore, près de 40 % d’entre eux estimaient la situation du commerce extérieur de la France assez bonne ou même très bonne… Des résultats semblables sont obtenus concernant le montant du SMIC et le coût réel des charges pour l’employeur.

De la même façon, une enquête menée par l’institut d’études BVA a montré qu’un fort pourcentage des personnes interrogées ne sait pas effectuer un calcul d’intérêts simple. À la question « Si vous avez placé 100 euros et que le compte est rémunéré à 2 %, combien aurez-vous au bout d’un an sur votre compte ? », 42 % des personnes interrogées en 2014 ne donnaient pas la bonne réponse, soit 102 euros.

Il ne s’agit pas de ranimer la querelle née du livre de Cahuc et Zylberberg (« Le négationnisme économique », dont voici les meilleurs extraits), qui a eu le mérite d’alerter contre certaines dérives d’une discipline qui essaye tant bien que mal de prétendre à la scientificité. Au-delà des débats qui peuvent opposer telle ou telle école, il est indéniable que la compréhension de certains mécanismes, désormais bien connus, est indispensable pour tenir des raisonnements économiques corrects, comme l’effet d’une baisse des taux d’intérêt sur le prix des actifs, sans parler évidemment des notions basiques (comme la différence entre chiffre d’affaires et bénéfice !).

Prise de conscience

Les causes de notre ignorance sont à chercher dans notre détestation culturelle de l’économie de marché. L’influence des communistes après-guerre a très profondément marqué notre relation à l’économie. On en trouve l’écho dans la façon assez politisée dont nombre d’enseignants du secondaire en sciences économiques et sociales conçoivent aujourd’hui leur mission. L’étendue démesurée du programme prétendant embrasser à la fois l’économie, la sociologie, la démographie et les sciences politiques en accentue le flou et favorise un traitement extrêmement superficiel des questions essentielles qui ne sont pas assimilées.

La réforme annoncée du baccalauréat offre une occasion unique de remettre en chantier tout ce pan de notre système éducatif. La nomination par le gouvernement d’un groupe de travail dirigé par l’économiste Philippe Aghion est la preuve d’une prise de conscience réelle. Il faudra la traduire en acte en revoyant en profondeur le programme du lycée afin de laisser plus de place aux concepts et mécanismes de base et moins aux opinions militantes.

Il faut aussi favoriser l’émergence de nouveaux outils de découverte de l’économie comme les études de cas, les simulations ou les « jeux sérieux », encourager les approches transdisciplinaires mettant en évidence les phénomènes économiques présents dans l’histoire. De nouveaux canaux de transmission devraient aussi être développés, dont évidemment les cours en ligne et les sites spécialisés dont il convient d’encourager l’éclosion.

Chaque citoyen devrait être doté des clés de compréhension lui permettant d’appréhender en toute indépendance intellectuelle un vaste champ de questions allant de la compétitivité des entreprises à la cohésion de notre société. Il est essentiel pour notre stabilité politique comme pour notre prospérité future d’enseigner le raisonnement et la logique économique à tous les citoyens, de manière aussi neutre, complète et non dogmatique que possible.

Olivier Babeau est le président de l’Institut Sapiens. Pierre Robert est professeur agrégé de sciences économiques et sociales.

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